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MacAdam Shield Shovel
The MacAdam Shield-Shovel, also known as the Hughes Shovel, was an item of Canadian infantry during the First World War. It was designed and patented by Sam Hughes, the Canadian minister for the Department of Militia and Defence in 1913, for use as an instrument which held the combined function to operate as a spade shovel and a shield from which soldiers could securely fire from and advantageously not be targeted in return.〔Desmond Morton, Marching to Armageddon: Canadians and the Great War 1914-1919 (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys Limited, 1989), 8.〕 Ena MacAdam, Hughes' personal secretary, had first suggested the idea of a shield shovel to Hughes after she witnessed Swiss soldiers constructing frontline fortifications in France.〔Ronald G. Haycock, Sam Hughes: The Public Career of a Controversial Canadian, 1885-1916 (Toronto: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1986), 234.〕
==Description==
The MacAdam shield-shovel resembled the standard portable infantry spade of its day in both size and shape. Its design however required it to prevent the penetration of, or at the very least deflect, enemy gunfire. As a result of this condition, heavier than usual steel was used in the construction of the blade; it measured at three-sixteenths of an inch thick.〔Bill Rawling, Surviving Trench War-fare: Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992), 18.〕 Heavy steel was also used to make the shovel's detachable handle which measured four feet in length. Unique to the shield-shovel was the inclusion of a 3.5 by 2 inch sight-hole in the blade.〔Rawling, Surviving Trench War-fare, 18.〕 The shovel was intended to be used as a shield by folding the handle to ~90° toward the concave side of the blade, exposing the spike that ran along the handle opposite the blade. The spike would then be driven into the ground, resulting in the blade standing vertically and the handle resting on the ground behind it as a brace.
In total, the MacAdam shield-shovel weighed 5 pounds 4 ounces.〔Rawling, Surviving Trench War-fare, 18.〕
It was patented as CA157592 in name of Ena MacAdam, who listed occupation as 'Stenographer', dated 25 August 1914. She also patented it in the US as 1148180, filed on 24 August 1914 and published on 27 July 1915.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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